Above: Buckingham House in Saybrook, Connecticut, where Yale University held its first commencement, Carol M. Highsmith. Courtesy Library of Congress. Right: Old Capitol Building and Church, Williamsburg, Unknown original source. Courtesy Wikipedia Commons.
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Timeline
1707 Detail
May 1, 1707 - Kingdom of Great Britain established with Queen Anne as first monarch.
In the first five years of her reign as Queen, Anne had been a busy woman. Rather minor achievements such as combining the Jerseys into one Royal Colony, followed quickly, the same year, 1702, by starting the second of four French and Indian Wars, this one her namesake, Queen Anne's War against France and Spain, with some of the first attacks on St. Augustine, then follow up attacks on Deerfield by French and Indian forces.
At home, she had been extremely popular since her ascension to Queen following the reign of her Dutch brother-in-law, perhaps giving her more leeway to her initial forays. On March 11, 1702, she proclaimed to Parliament. "As I know my heart to be entirely English, I can very sincerely assure you there is not anything you can expect or desire from me which I shall not be ready to do for the happiness and prosperity of England," Queen Anne, 1702. She was highly involved in the affairs of government, and the arts, subsidizing Handel, knighting Sir Isaac Newton in 1705.
During that first speech to Parliament, she also addressed a vexing issue to her, that being that England consisted of England, Wales, and Ireland, but not Scotland. Scotland was an independent soverign state with its own houses of government and laws. This was not a new discussion; it had been roiling around both nations for one hundred years. England had always been afraid that Scotland, at some point, might join France in an alliance. Scotland was mixed on her goal; a strong minority wanted to join and retain a right of inheritance to the thrown, as well as recover fortunes lost in an ill-fated colony attempt in Panama that had left the Kingdom of Scotland approaching bankruptcy. Others were perfectly content to remain independent, afraid to be swallowed up and become insignificant as had happened to Wales four hundred years before. Queen Anne established a committee in October 1702 to study the problem and propose a solution. The meetings adjourned without an agreement in February 1703.
Further Negotiations and Treaty
An Act of Security was passed instead in the Estates of Scotland, giving them the power to choose their own monarch if the Queen had no further children, and they must be descendents of the Protestant royal line of Scotland. He or she could not be the same person as that chosen by England, unless England gave in to demands. Scotland wanted full freedom of trade; Queen Anne at first withheld her support, but threats the next year of Scotland withholding supplies, which were needed for Queen Anne's War, still raging in the colonies and elsewhere, changed her mind.
English Parliament was not as kind; they passed the Alien Act of 1705, which would impose sanctions on Scotland and consider them aliens in England. Their choice was to repeal the Act of Security, or join with England. The Estates of Scotland chose to join, with a committee in 1706 picked by Queen Anne to negotiate the terms, which were presented to the Queen on July 23, 1706.
Parliaments in England and Scotland both ratified the Acts of Union, which came in two parts, The Union of Scotland Act 1706 and the Union of England Act 1707. England and Scotland would be united in a kingdom called Great Britain. It would be ruled by Queen Anne, and have one parliament, going into effect on May 1, 1707.
Union of Scotland Act 1706, England
ARTICLE I. - The Kingdoms United; Ensigns Armorial.
That the two Kingdoms of England and Scotland shall upon the First day of May which shall be in the year One thousand seven hundred and seven and for ever after be united into one Kingdom by the name of Great Britain And that the Ensigns Armorial of the said United Kingdom be such as Her Majesty shall appoint and the Crosses of St. George and St. Andrew be conjoyned in such manner as Her Majesty shall think fit and used in all Flags Banners Standards and Ensigns both at Sea and Land.
ARTICLE II. - Succession to the Monarchy.
That the Succession to the Monarchy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and of the Dominions thereto belonging after Her most Sacred Majesty and in default of Issue of Her Majesty be remain and continue to the most Excellent Princess Sophia Electoress and Dutchess Dowager of Hanover and the Heirs of her body being Protestants upon whom the Crown of England is settled by an Act of Parliament made in England in the Twelfth year of the reign of His late Majesty King William the Third intituled an Act for the further Limitation of the Crown and better securing the rights and Liberites of the Subject And that all Papists and persons marrying Papists shall be excluded from and for ever incapable to inherit possess or enjoy the Imperial Crown of Great Britain and the Dominions thereunto belonging or any part thereof and in every such Case the Crown and Government shall from time to time descend to and be enjoyed by such person being a Protestant as should have inherited and enjoyed the same in case such Papist or person marrying a Papist was naturally dead according to the Provision for the descent of the Crown of England made by another Act of Parliament in England in the first year of the reign of Their late Majesties King William and Queen Mary intituled an Act declaring the Rights and Liberites of the Subject and settling the Succession of the Crown.
ARTICLE III. - Parliament.
That the United Kingdom of Great Britain be represented by one and the same Parliament to be stiled The Parliament of Great Britain.
ARTICLE IIII. - Trade and Navigation and other Rights.
That all the Subjects of the United Kingdom of Great Britain shall from and after the Union have full freedom and Intercourse of Trade and Navigation to and from any port or place within the said United Kingdom and the Dominions and Plantations thereunto belonging And that there be a Communication of all other Rights Privileges and Advantages which do or may belong to the Subjects of either Kingdom except where it is otherwise expressly agreed in these Articles.
ARTICLE V. - Textual Amendments.
F1 Art. V repealed by virtue of repeal by Statute Law Revision Act 1867 (c. 59) of s. IV of this Act so far as it ratifies those articles.
ARTICLE VI. - Regulations of Trade, Duties, &c.
That all parts of the United Kingdom for ever from and after the Union shall have the same Allowances Encouragements and Drawbacks and be under the same prohibitions restrictions and regulations of Trade and liable to the same Customs and Duties on Import and Export And that the Allowances Encouragements and Drawbacks prohibitions restrictions and regulations of Trade and the Customs and Duties on Import and Export settled in England when the Union commences shall from and after the Union take place throughout the whole United Kingdom.
ARTICLE VII. - Excise.
That all parts of the United Kingdom be for ever from and after the Union liable to the same Excise upon all exciseable Liquors.
ARTICLE VIII, X-XV - Textual Amendments
Repealed by virtue of repeal by Statute Law Revision Act 1867 (c. 59) of s. IV of this Act so far as it retifies those articles; art. IX repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1973 (c. 39), Sch. 1 Pt. XIII
ARTICLE XVI. - Coin.
That from and after the Union the Coin shall be of the same Standard and value throughout the United Kingdom as now in England.
ARTICLE XVII. - Textual Amendments
Repealed by Weights and Measures Act 1878 (c. 49), Sch. 6 Pt. I.
ARTICLE XVIII. - Laws concerning public rights. Private rights.
That the Laws concerning regulation of Trade Customs and such Excises to which Scotland is by virtue of this Treaty to be liable be the same in Scotland from and after the Union as in England and that all other Laws in use within the Kingdom of Scotland do after the Union and notwithstanding thereof remain in the same force as before (except such as are contrary to or inconsistent with this Treaty) but alterable by the Parliament of Great Britain with this difference betwixt the Laws concerning publick right Policy and Civil Government and those which concern private right that the Laws which concern publick right Policy and Civil Government may be made the same throughout the whole United Kingdom But that no alteration be made in Laws which concern private right Except for evident Utility of the Subjects within Scotland.
ARTICLE XIX. - Court of Session. Writers to the Signet admitted Lords of Session. Court of Justiciary. Other Courts. Causes in Scotland not cognizable in Courts in Westminster Hall.
That the Court of Session or Colledge of Justice do after the Union and notwithstanding thereof remain in all time coming within Scotland as it is now constituted by the Laws of that Kingdom and with the same authority and privileges as before the Union Subject nevertheless to such regulations for the better Administration of Justice as shall be made by the Parliament of Great Britain and that hereafter none shall be named by Her Majesty or Her Royal Successors to be ordinary Lords of Session but such who have served in the Colledge of Justice as Advocates or Principal Clerks of Session for the Space of Five years or as Writers to the Signet for the Space of ten years with this provision that noWriter to the Signet be capable to be admitted a Lord of the Session unless he undergo a private and publick Tryal on the Civil Law before the Faculty of Advocates and be found by them qualified for the said Office two years before he be named to be a Lord of the Session yet so as the Qualifications made or to be made for capacitating persons to be named ordinary Lords of Session may be altered by the Parliament of Great Britain And that the Court of Justiciary do also after the Union and notwithstanding thereof remain in all time coming within Scotland as it is now constituted by the Laws of that Kingdom and with the same authority and privileges as before the Union Subject nevertheless to such regulations as shall be made by the Parliament of Great Britain and without prejudice of other rights of Justiciary F1. . . And that the heretable rights of Admiralty and Vice Admiralties in Scotland be reserved to the respective proprietors as rights of property Subject nevertheless as to the manner of exercising such heretable rights to such regulations and alterations as shall be thought proper to be made by the Parliament of Great Britain And that all other Courts now in being within the Kingdom of Scotland do remain but Subject to alterations by the Parliament of Great Britain And that all inferior Courts within the said limits do remain Subordinate as they are now to the supreme Courts of Justice within the same in all time coming And that no Causes in Scotland be cognoscible by the Courts of Chancery Queen's Bench Common Pleas or any other Court in Westminster Hall and that the said Courts or any other of the like nature after the Union shall have no Power to cognosce review or alter the Acts or Sentences of the Judicatures within Scotland or stop the Execution of the same.
ARTICLE XX. - Heritable Offices, &c.
That all Heretable Offices Superiorities Heretable Jurisdictions Offices for Life and Jurisdictions for Life be reserved to the owners thereof as Rights of Property in the same manner as they are now enjoyed by the Laws of Scotland notwithstanding this Treaty.
ARTICLE XXI. - Royal Burghs.
That the Rights and Privileges of the Royal Burghs in Scotland as they now are do remain entire after the Union and notwithstanding thereof.
ARTICLE XXII. - Sixteen Peers of Scotland. Textual Amendments.
Article XXII repealed (5.11.1993) by 1993 (c. 50), s. 1(1), Sch. 1 Pt. XI Group2.
ARTICLE XXIII. - Privileges of the Sixteen Peers of Scotland.
... that all Peers of Scotland and their Successors to their Honours and Dignities shall from and after the Union be Peers of Great Britain and have rank and precedency next and immediately after the Peers of the like Orders and Degrees in England at the time of the Union and before all Peers of Great Britain of the like Orders and Degrees who may be created after the Union and shall enjoy all privileges of Peers as fully as the Peers of England do now or as they or any other Peers of Great Britain may hereafter enjoy the same.
ARTICLE XXIV. - Heraldry; Great Seal; Seal kept in Scotland; ???Privy Seal, etc. in Scotland; Regalia.
That from and after the Union there be one Great Seal for the United Kingdom of Great Britain which shall be different from the Great Seal now used in either Kingdom and that the Quartering the Arms and the rank and precedency of the Lyon King of Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland as may best suit the Union be left to Her Majesty And that in the mean time the Great Seal of England be used as the Great Seal of the United Kingdom and that the Great Seal of the United Kingdom be used for sealing Writts to elect and summon the Parliament of Great Britain and for sealing all Treaties with foreign Princes and States and all Publick Acts Instruments and Orders of State which concern the whole United Kingdom and in all other matters relating to England as the Great Seal of England is now used And that a Seal in Scotland after the Union be always kept and made use of in all things relating to private rights or Grants which have usually passed the Great Seal of Scotland and which only concern Offices Grants Commissions and private rights within that Kingdom and that until such Seal shall be appointed by Her Majesty the present Great Seal of Scotland shall be used for such purposes And that the Privy Seal Signet Casset Signet of the Justiciary Court Quarter Seal and Seals of Courts now used in Scotland be continued But that the said Seals be altered and adapted to the State of the Union as Her Majesty shall think fit And the said Seals and all of them and the Keepers of them shall be subject to such regulations as the Parliament of Great Britain shall hereafter make And that the Crown Scepter and Sword of State the Records of Parliament and all other Records Rolls and Registers whatsoever both publick and private general and particular and Warrants thereof continue to be kept as they are within that part of the United Kingdom now called Scotland and that they shall so remain in all time coming notwithstanding the Union.
ARTICLE XXV. - Laws inconsistent with the Articles, void;
That all Laws and Statutes in either Kingdom so far as they are contrary to or inconsistent with the Terms of these Articles or any of them shall from and after the Union cease and become void and shall be so declared to be by the respective Parliaments of the said Kingdoms. As by the said Articles of Union ratified and approved by the said Act of Parliament of Scotland relation thereunto being had may appear. Acts of Scotland herein mentioned, confirmed; Universities and colleges of Saint Andrew, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh, to continue; Subjects not liable to Oath, Test, or Subscription, inconsistant with the Presbyterian Church Government; Successor to swear to maintain the said Settlement of Religion; This Act to be held a fundamental Condition of Union, and to be inserted in any Act of Parliament for concluding the said Union; This Ratification of the said Articles not binding until they are ratified by Parliament of England, etc.; Laws contrary to Articles void.
And the Tenor of the aforesaid Act for securing the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government within the Kingdom of Scotland is as follows.Our Sovereign Lady and the Estates of Parliament considering that by the late Act of Parliament for a Treaty with England for an Union of both Kingdoms It is provided that the Commissioners for that Treaty should not treat of or concerning any Alteration of the Worship Discipline and Government of the Church of this Kingdom as now by Law established which Treaty being now reported to the Parliament and it being reasonable and necessary that the true Protestant Religion as presently professed within this Kingdom with the Worship Discipline and Government of this Church should be effectually and unalterably secured Therefore Her Majesty with Advice and Consent of the said Estates of Parliament doth hereby establish and confirm the said true Protestant Religion and the Worship Discipline and Government of this Church to continue without any Alteration to the People of this Land in all succeeding Generations And more especially Her Majesty with Advice and Consent aforesaid ratifies approves and for ever confirms the Fifth Act of the first Parliament of King William and Queen Mary intituled Act ratifying the Confession of Faith and settling Presbyterian Church Government with all other Acts of Parliament relating thereto in Prosecution of the Declaration of the Estates of this Kingdom, containing the Claim of Right bearing date the Eleventh of April One thousand six hundred and eighty nine And Her Majesty with Advice and Consent aforesaid expressly provides and declares that the foresaid true Protestant Religion contained in the above mentioned Confession of Faith with the Form and Purity of Worship presently in use within this Church and its Presbyterian Church Government and Discipline (that is to say) the Government of the Church by Kirk Sessions Presbyteries Provincial Synods and General Assemblies all established by the foresaid Acts of Parliament pursuant to the Claim of Right shall remain and continue unalterable And that the said Presbyterian Government shall be the only Government of the Church within the Kingdom of ScotlandAnd further for the Greater Security of the foresaid Protestant Religion and of the Worship Discipline and Government of this Church as above established Her Majesty with Advice and Consent foresaid statutes and ordains that the Universities and Colledges of Saint Andrew's Glasgow Aberdeen and Edinburgh as now established by Law shall continue within this Kingdom for ever F1. . .And further Her Majesty with Advice aforesaid expressly declares and statutes that none of the Subjects of this Kingdom shall be liable to but all and every one of them for ever free of any Oath Test or Subscription within this Kingdom contrary to or inconsistent with the foresaid true Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government Worship and Discipline as above established and that the same within the Bounds of this Church and Kingdom shall never be imposed upon or required of them in any sort And lastly that after the decease of Her present Majesty (whom God long preserve) the Soveraign succeeding to Her in the Royal Government of the Kingdom of Great Britain shall in all time coming at His or Her Accession to the Crown swear and subscribe that they shall inviolably maintain and preserve the foresaid Settlement of the true Protestant Religion with the Government Worship Discipline right and Privileges of this Church as above established by the Laws of this Kingdom in Prosecution of the Claim of RightAnd it is hereby statute and ordained that this Act of Parliament with the Establishment therein contained shall be held and observed in all time coming as a Fundamental and Essential Condition of any Treaty or Union to be concluded betwixt the two Kingdoms without any Alteration thereof or Derogation thereto in any sort for ever As also that this Act of Parliament and Settlement therein contained shall be insert and repeated in any Act of Parliament that shall pass for agreeing and concluding the foresaid Treaty or Union betwixt the two Kingdoms and that the same shall be therein expressly declared to be a Fundamental and Essential Condition of the said Treaty or Union in all time coming which Articles of Union and Act immediately above written Her Majesty with Advice and Consent aforesaid statutes enacts and ordains to be and continue in all time coming the Sure and perpetual Foundation of a compleat and entire Union of the two Kingdoms of Scotland and England under the express Condition and provision that this approbation and ratification of the foresaid Articles and Act shall be no ways binding on this Kingdom until the said Articles and Act be ratified approved and confirmed by Her Majesty with and by the Authority of the Parliament of England as they are now agreed to approved and confirmed by Her Majesty with and by the Authority of the Parliament of Scotland declaring nevertheless that the Parliament of England may provide for the Security of the Church of England as they think expedient to take place within the Bounds of the said Kingdom of England and not derogating from the Security above provided for establishing of the Church of Scotland within the Bounds of this Kingdom As also the said Parliament of England may extend the Additions and other Provisions contained in the Articles of Union as above insert in favours of the Subjects of Scotland to and in favours of the Subjects of England which shall not suspend or derogate from the force and effect of this present Ratification but shall be understood as herein included without the necessity of any new ratification in the Parliament of ScotlandAnd lastly Her Majesty enacts and declares that all Laws and Statutes in this Kingdom so far they are contrary to or inconsistent with the Terms of these Articles as above mentioned shall from and after the Union cease and become void.
Some of the above have been changed with future acts, and the full version of the Union of England Act 1707, passed by Scotland, can be read at the previous link.
Image above: Portrait of Queen Anne at the House of Lords, 1708/1714, Peter Tillemans. Courtesy Royal Collection via Wikipedia Commons. Image Below: Portrait of Queen Anne (Anne Stuart), 1705, Michael Dahl. Courtesy National Portrait Gallery, London, via Wikipedia Commons. Info Source: legislation.gov.uk; "The Act of Union," Ben Johnson, historic.uk.com; Wikipedia Commons.
History Photo Bomb
Macah Indian women at a village in the Pacific Northwest, the area of the Cascadia earthquake in 1700, circa 1900. Courtesy Wikipedia Commons.
Lithograph of the levee at New Orleans, 1884, William A. Walker, Currier and Ives. Courtesy Library of Congress.
Timeline Book
Drawing of Fort Barnwell, 1711 Tuscarora War, 1837, Gray and James. Courtesy Library of Congress.
ABH Travel Tip
Want to get a start on your New Spain history, then a trip to St. Augustine. It's the oldest town in North America, with quaint streets, shops, and forts.
In the first five years of her reign as Queen, Anne had been a busy woman. Rather minor achievements such as combining the Jerseys into one Royal Colony, followed quickly, the same year, 1702, by starting the second of four French and Indian Wars, this one her namesake, Queen Anne's War against France and Spain, with some of the first attacks on St. Augustine, then follow up attacks on Deerfield by French and Indian forces.
At home, she had been extremely popular since her ascension to Queen following the reign of her Dutch brother-in-law, perhaps giving her more leeway to her initial forays. On March 11, 1702, she proclaimed to Parliament. "As I know my heart to be entirely English, I can very sincerely assure you there is not anything you can expect or desire from me which I shall not be ready to do for the happiness and prosperity of England," Queen Anne, 1702. She was highly involved in the affairs of government, and the arts, subsidizing Handel, knighting Sir Isaac Newton in 1705.
During that first speech to Parliament, she also addressed a vexing issue to her, that being that England consisted of England, Wales, and Ireland, but not Scotland. Scotland was an independent soverign state with its own houses of government and laws. This was not a new discussion; it had been roiling around both nations for one hundred years. England had always been afraid that Scotland, at some point, might join France in an alliance. Scotland was mixed on her goal; a strong minority wanted to join and retain a right of inheritance to the thrown, as well as recover fortunes lost in an ill-fated colony attempt in Panama that had left the Kingdom of Scotland approaching bankruptcy. Others were perfectly content to remain independent, afraid to be swallowed up and become insignificant as had happened to Wales four hundred years before. Queen Anne established a committee in October 1702 to study the problem and propose a solution. The meetings adjourned without an agreement in February 1703.
Further Negotiations and Treaty
An Act of Security was passed instead in the Estates of Scotland, giving them the power to choose their own monarch if the Queen had no further children, and they must be descendents of the Protestant royal line of Scotland. He or she could not be the same person as that chosen by England, unless England gave in to demands. Scotland wanted full freedom of trade; Queen Anne at first withheld her support, but threats the next year of Scotland withholding supplies, which were needed for Queen Anne's War, still raging in the colonies and elsewhere, changed her mind.
English Parliament was not as kind; they passed the Alien Act of 1705, which would impose sanctions on Scotland and consider them aliens in England. Their choice was to repeal the Act of Security, or join with England. The Estates of Scotland chose to join, with a committee in 1706 picked by Queen Anne to negotiate the terms, which were presented to the Queen on July 23, 1706.
Parliaments in England and Scotland both ratified the Acts of Union, which came in two parts, The Union of Scotland Act 1706 and the Union of England Act 1707. England and Scotland would be united in a kingdom called Great Britain. It would be ruled by Queen Anne, and have one parliament, going into effect on May 1, 1707.
Union of Scotland Act 1706, England
ARTICLE I. - The Kingdoms United; Ensigns Armorial.
That the two Kingdoms of England and Scotland shall upon the First day of May which shall be in the year One thousand seven hundred and seven and for ever after be united into one Kingdom by the name of Great Britain And that the Ensigns Armorial of the said United Kingdom be such as Her Majesty shall appoint and the Crosses of St. George and St. Andrew be conjoyned in such manner as Her Majesty shall think fit and used in all Flags Banners Standards and Ensigns both at Sea and Land.
ARTICLE II. - Succession to the Monarchy.
That the Succession to the Monarchy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and of the Dominions thereto belonging after Her most Sacred Majesty and in default of Issue of Her Majesty be remain and continue to the most Excellent Princess Sophia Electoress and Dutchess Dowager of Hanover and the Heirs of her body being Protestants upon whom the Crown of England is settled by an Act of Parliament made in England in the Twelfth year of the reign of His late Majesty King William the Third intituled an Act for the further Limitation of the Crown and better securing the rights and Liberites of the Subject And that all Papists and persons marrying Papists shall be excluded from and for ever incapable to inherit possess or enjoy the Imperial Crown of Great Britain and the Dominions thereunto belonging or any part thereof and in every such Case the Crown and Government shall from time to time descend to and be enjoyed by such person being a Protestant as should have inherited and enjoyed the same in case such Papist or person marrying a Papist was naturally dead according to the Provision for the descent of the Crown of England made by another Act of Parliament in England in the first year of the reign of Their late Majesties King William and Queen Mary intituled an Act declaring the Rights and Liberites of the Subject and settling the Succession of the Crown.
ARTICLE III. - Parliament.
That the United Kingdom of Great Britain be represented by one and the same Parliament to be stiled The Parliament of Great Britain.
ARTICLE IIII. - Trade and Navigation and other Rights.
That all the Subjects of the United Kingdom of Great Britain shall from and after the Union have full freedom and Intercourse of Trade and Navigation to and from any port or place within the said United Kingdom and the Dominions and Plantations thereunto belonging And that there be a Communication of all other Rights Privileges and Advantages which do or may belong to the Subjects of either Kingdom except where it is otherwise expressly agreed in these Articles.
ARTICLE V. - Textual Amendments.
F1 Art. V repealed by virtue of repeal by Statute Law Revision Act 1867 (c. 59) of s. IV of this Act so far as it ratifies those articles.
ARTICLE VI. - Regulations of Trade, Duties, &c.
That all parts of the United Kingdom for ever from and after the Union shall have the same Allowances Encouragements and Drawbacks and be under the same prohibitions restrictions and regulations of Trade and liable to the same Customs and Duties on Import and Export And that the Allowances Encouragements and Drawbacks prohibitions restrictions and regulations of Trade and the Customs and Duties on Import and Export settled in England when the Union commences shall from and after the Union take place throughout the whole United Kingdom.
ARTICLE VII. - Excise.
That all parts of the United Kingdom be for ever from and after the Union liable to the same Excise upon all exciseable Liquors.
ARTICLE VIII, X-XV - Textual Amendments
Repealed by virtue of repeal by Statute Law Revision Act 1867 (c. 59) of s. IV of this Act so far as it retifies those articles; art. IX repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1973 (c. 39), Sch. 1 Pt. XIII
ARTICLE XVI. - Coin.
That from and after the Union the Coin shall be of the same Standard and value throughout the United Kingdom as now in England.
ARTICLE XVII. - Textual Amendments
Repealed by Weights and Measures Act 1878 (c. 49), Sch. 6 Pt. I.
ARTICLE XVIII. - Laws concerning public rights. Private rights.
That the Laws concerning regulation of Trade Customs and such Excises to which Scotland is by virtue of this Treaty to be liable be the same in Scotland from and after the Union as in England and that all other Laws in use within the Kingdom of Scotland do after the Union and notwithstanding thereof remain in the same force as before (except such as are contrary to or inconsistent with this Treaty) but alterable by the Parliament of Great Britain with this difference betwixt the Laws concerning publick right Policy and Civil Government and those which concern private right that the Laws which concern publick right Policy and Civil Government may be made the same throughout the whole United Kingdom But that no alteration be made in Laws which concern private right Except for evident Utility of the Subjects within Scotland.
ARTICLE XIX. - Court of Session. Writers to the Signet admitted Lords of Session. Court of Justiciary. Other Courts. Causes in Scotland not cognizable in Courts in Westminster Hall.
That the Court of Session or Colledge of Justice do after the Union and notwithstanding thereof remain in all time coming within Scotland as it is now constituted by the Laws of that Kingdom and with the same authority and privileges as before the Union Subject nevertheless to such regulations for the better Administration of Justice as shall be made by the Parliament of Great Britain and that hereafter none shall be named by Her Majesty or Her Royal Successors to be ordinary Lords of Session but such who have served in the Colledge of Justice as Advocates or Principal Clerks of Session for the Space of Five years or as Writers to the Signet for the Space of ten years with this provision that noWriter to the Signet be capable to be admitted a Lord of the Session unless he undergo a private and publick Tryal on the Civil Law before the Faculty of Advocates and be found by them qualified for the said Office two years before he be named to be a Lord of the Session yet so as the Qualifications made or to be made for capacitating persons to be named ordinary Lords of Session may be altered by the Parliament of Great Britain And that the Court of Justiciary do also after the Union and notwithstanding thereof remain in all time coming within Scotland as it is now constituted by the Laws of that Kingdom and with the same authority and privileges as before the Union Subject nevertheless to such regulations as shall be made by the Parliament of Great Britain and without prejudice of other rights of Justiciary F1. . . And that the heretable rights of Admiralty and Vice Admiralties in Scotland be reserved to the respective proprietors as rights of property Subject nevertheless as to the manner of exercising such heretable rights to such regulations and alterations as shall be thought proper to be made by the Parliament of Great Britain And that all other Courts now in being within the Kingdom of Scotland do remain but Subject to alterations by the Parliament of Great Britain And that all inferior Courts within the said limits do remain Subordinate as they are now to the supreme Courts of Justice within the same in all time coming And that no Causes in Scotland be cognoscible by the Courts of Chancery Queen's Bench Common Pleas or any other Court in Westminster Hall and that the said Courts or any other of the like nature after the Union shall have no Power to cognosce review or alter the Acts or Sentences of the Judicatures within Scotland or stop the Execution of the same.
ARTICLE XX. - Heritable Offices, &c.
That all Heretable Offices Superiorities Heretable Jurisdictions Offices for Life and Jurisdictions for Life be reserved to the owners thereof as Rights of Property in the same manner as they are now enjoyed by the Laws of Scotland notwithstanding this Treaty.
ARTICLE XXI. - Royal Burghs.
That the Rights and Privileges of the Royal Burghs in Scotland as they now are do remain entire after the Union and notwithstanding thereof.
ARTICLE XXII. - Sixteen Peers of Scotland. Textual Amendments.
Article XXII repealed (5.11.1993) by 1993 (c. 50), s. 1(1), Sch. 1 Pt. XI Group2.
ARTICLE XXIII. - Privileges of the Sixteen Peers of Scotland.
... that all Peers of Scotland and their Successors to their Honours and Dignities shall from and after the Union be Peers of Great Britain and have rank and precedency next and immediately after the Peers of the like Orders and Degrees in England at the time of the Union and before all Peers of Great Britain of the like Orders and Degrees who may be created after the Union and shall enjoy all privileges of Peers as fully as the Peers of England do now or as they or any other Peers of Great Britain may hereafter enjoy the same.
ARTICLE XXIV. - Heraldry; Great Seal; Seal kept in Scotland; ???Privy Seal, etc. in Scotland; Regalia.
That from and after the Union there be one Great Seal for the United Kingdom of Great Britain which shall be different from the Great Seal now used in either Kingdom and that the Quartering the Arms and the rank and precedency of the Lyon King of Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland as may best suit the Union be left to Her Majesty And that in the mean time the Great Seal of England be used as the Great Seal of the United Kingdom and that the Great Seal of the United Kingdom be used for sealing Writts to elect and summon the Parliament of Great Britain and for sealing all Treaties with foreign Princes and States and all Publick Acts Instruments and Orders of State which concern the whole United Kingdom and in all other matters relating to England as the Great Seal of England is now used And that a Seal in Scotland after the Union be always kept and made use of in all things relating to private rights or Grants which have usually passed the Great Seal of Scotland and which only concern Offices Grants Commissions and private rights within that Kingdom and that until such Seal shall be appointed by Her Majesty the present Great Seal of Scotland shall be used for such purposes And that the Privy Seal Signet Casset Signet of the Justiciary Court Quarter Seal and Seals of Courts now used in Scotland be continued But that the said Seals be altered and adapted to the State of the Union as Her Majesty shall think fit And the said Seals and all of them and the Keepers of them shall be subject to such regulations as the Parliament of Great Britain shall hereafter make And that the Crown Scepter and Sword of State the Records of Parliament and all other Records Rolls and Registers whatsoever both publick and private general and particular and Warrants thereof continue to be kept as they are within that part of the United Kingdom now called Scotland and that they shall so remain in all time coming notwithstanding the Union.
ARTICLE XXV. - Laws inconsistent with the Articles, void;
That all Laws and Statutes in either Kingdom so far as they are contrary to or inconsistent with the Terms of these Articles or any of them shall from and after the Union cease and become void and shall be so declared to be by the respective Parliaments of the said Kingdoms. As by the said Articles of Union ratified and approved by the said Act of Parliament of Scotland relation thereunto being had may appear. Acts of Scotland herein mentioned, confirmed; Universities and colleges of Saint Andrew, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh, to continue; Subjects not liable to Oath, Test, or Subscription, inconsistant with the Presbyterian Church Government; Successor to swear to maintain the said Settlement of Religion; This Act to be held a fundamental Condition of Union, and to be inserted in any Act of Parliament for concluding the said Union; This Ratification of the said Articles not binding until they are ratified by Parliament of England, etc.; Laws contrary to Articles void.
And the Tenor of the aforesaid Act for securing the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government within the Kingdom of Scotland is as follows.Our Sovereign Lady and the Estates of Parliament considering that by the late Act of Parliament for a Treaty with England for an Union of both Kingdoms It is provided that the Commissioners for that Treaty should not treat of or concerning any Alteration of the Worship Discipline and Government of the Church of this Kingdom as now by Law established which Treaty being now reported to the Parliament and it being reasonable and necessary that the true Protestant Religion as presently professed within this Kingdom with the Worship Discipline and Government of this Church should be effectually and unalterably secured Therefore Her Majesty with Advice and Consent of the said Estates of Parliament doth hereby establish and confirm the said true Protestant Religion and the Worship Discipline and Government of this Church to continue without any Alteration to the People of this Land in all succeeding Generations And more especially Her Majesty with Advice and Consent aforesaid ratifies approves and for ever confirms the Fifth Act of the first Parliament of King William and Queen Mary intituled Act ratifying the Confession of Faith and settling Presbyterian Church Government with all other Acts of Parliament relating thereto in Prosecution of the Declaration of the Estates of this Kingdom, containing the Claim of Right bearing date the Eleventh of April One thousand six hundred and eighty nine And Her Majesty with Advice and Consent aforesaid expressly provides and declares that the foresaid true Protestant Religion contained in the above mentioned Confession of Faith with the Form and Purity of Worship presently in use within this Church and its Presbyterian Church Government and Discipline (that is to say) the Government of the Church by Kirk Sessions Presbyteries Provincial Synods and General Assemblies all established by the foresaid Acts of Parliament pursuant to the Claim of Right shall remain and continue unalterable And that the said Presbyterian Government shall be the only Government of the Church within the Kingdom of ScotlandAnd further for the Greater Security of the foresaid Protestant Religion and of the Worship Discipline and Government of this Church as above established Her Majesty with Advice and Consent foresaid statutes and ordains that the Universities and Colledges of Saint Andrew's Glasgow Aberdeen and Edinburgh as now established by Law shall continue within this Kingdom for ever F1. . .And further Her Majesty with Advice aforesaid expressly declares and statutes that none of the Subjects of this Kingdom shall be liable to but all and every one of them for ever free of any Oath Test or Subscription within this Kingdom contrary to or inconsistent with the foresaid true Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government Worship and Discipline as above established and that the same within the Bounds of this Church and Kingdom shall never be imposed upon or required of them in any sort And lastly that after the decease of Her present Majesty (whom God long preserve) the Soveraign succeeding to Her in the Royal Government of the Kingdom of Great Britain shall in all time coming at His or Her Accession to the Crown swear and subscribe that they shall inviolably maintain and preserve the foresaid Settlement of the true Protestant Religion with the Government Worship Discipline right and Privileges of this Church as above established by the Laws of this Kingdom in Prosecution of the Claim of RightAnd it is hereby statute and ordained that this Act of Parliament with the Establishment therein contained shall be held and observed in all time coming as a Fundamental and Essential Condition of any Treaty or Union to be concluded betwixt the two Kingdoms without any Alteration thereof or Derogation thereto in any sort for ever As also that this Act of Parliament and Settlement therein contained shall be insert and repeated in any Act of Parliament that shall pass for agreeing and concluding the foresaid Treaty or Union betwixt the two Kingdoms and that the same shall be therein expressly declared to be a Fundamental and Essential Condition of the said Treaty or Union in all time coming which Articles of Union and Act immediately above written Her Majesty with Advice and Consent aforesaid statutes enacts and ordains to be and continue in all time coming the Sure and perpetual Foundation of a compleat and entire Union of the two Kingdoms of Scotland and England under the express Condition and provision that this approbation and ratification of the foresaid Articles and Act shall be no ways binding on this Kingdom until the said Articles and Act be ratified approved and confirmed by Her Majesty with and by the Authority of the Parliament of England as they are now agreed to approved and confirmed by Her Majesty with and by the Authority of the Parliament of Scotland declaring nevertheless that the Parliament of England may provide for the Security of the Church of England as they think expedient to take place within the Bounds of the said Kingdom of England and not derogating from the Security above provided for establishing of the Church of Scotland within the Bounds of this Kingdom As also the said Parliament of England may extend the Additions and other Provisions contained in the Articles of Union as above insert in favours of the Subjects of Scotland to and in favours of the Subjects of England which shall not suspend or derogate from the force and effect of this present Ratification but shall be understood as herein included without the necessity of any new ratification in the Parliament of ScotlandAnd lastly Her Majesty enacts and declares that all Laws and Statutes in this Kingdom so far they are contrary to or inconsistent with the Terms of these Articles as above mentioned shall from and after the Union cease and become void.
Some of the above have been changed with future acts, and the full version of the Union of England Act 1707, passed by Scotland, can be read at the previous link.
Image above: Portrait of Queen Anne at the House of Lords, 1708/1714, Peter Tillemans. Courtesy Royal Collection via Wikipedia Commons. Image Below: Portrait of Queen Anne (Anne Stuart), 1705, Michael Dahl. Courtesy National Portrait Gallery, London, via Wikipedia Commons. Info Source: legislation.gov.uk; "The Act of Union," Ben Johnson, historic.uk.com; Wikipedia Commons.
History Photo Bomb
Macah Indian women at a village in the Pacific Northwest, the area of the Cascadia earthquake in 1700, circa 1900. Courtesy Wikipedia Commons.
Lithograph of the levee at New Orleans, 1884, William A. Walker, Currier and Ives. Courtesy Library of Congress.
Timeline Book
Drawing of Fort Barnwell, 1711 Tuscarora War, 1837, Gray and James. Courtesy Library of Congress.
ABH Travel Tip
Want to get a start on your New Spain history, then a trip to St. Augustine. It's the oldest town in North America, with quaint streets, shops, and forts.